Design is often reduced to how things look. In practice, most product failures are failures of understanding , workflows that do not match how people work, interfaces that require explanation, and experiences that optimise for internal convenience rather than user outcomes.
Teams inherit products that grew feature by feature without a coherent structure. New capabilities are bolted on. Navigation deepens. Users leave not because the technology failed, but because the product became too hard to understand.
Another common pattern: design and business sit in opposition. Research says one thing; commercial pressure says another. Without a process that holds both in view, design becomes decoration applied after decisions are already made.

